Crucifixion
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David Tombs, Sithembiso Zwane and Charlene van der Walt, ‘Male Violence Against Men: A Contextual Bible Study on the Crucifixion of Jesus’, in Jione Havea (ed) Haunting Questions of Liberation Theology (2025), Otago archive.
Rocío Figueroa and David Tombs, ‘Vendo Sua Inocência, Eu Vejo Minha Inocência’, Estudos Teológicos (2024). Open access (Brazilian Portuguese); Open access (English). Otago archive (English original 2021).
David Tombs, ‘Things Too Indecent to be Recorded: The Soldiers Mocking the Death of Herod Agrippa’, in Juliana Claassens. Rhiannon Graybill and Christl Maier (eds), Narrating Rape: Shifting Perspectives in Biblical Literature and Popular Culture (2024). Otago archive.
David Tombs, 'Art depicts Jesus in a loincloth on the cross – the brutal truth is he would have been naked’, The Conversation (28 March 2024). Open access.
David Tombs, ‘Alone and Naked: Reading the Torture of Jesus alongside the Torture of Miriam Leitão’, International Journal of Public Theology (2023). Open access.
David Tombs, The Crucifixion of Jesus: Torture, Sexual Abuse, and the Scandal of the Cross (Routledge, 2023). Open access.
David Tombs, 'The Pink Crosses of Ciudad Juárez' in Rebekah Pryor and Stephen Bevans (eds) Feminist Theologies: Interstices and Fractures (2023). Otago archive.
David Tombs, ‘Reading Crucifixion Narratives as Texts of Terror’ in Monica Melanchthon and Robyn Whitaker (eds.) Terror in the Bible: Rhetoric, Gender, and Violence (SBL 2021), Open access.
Jayme R. Reaves, David Tombs and Rocío Figueroa (eds), When Did We See You Naked?’: Jesus as a Victim of Sexual Abuse (2021). Open access.
Rocío Figueroa and David Tombs, ‘Seeing His Innocence, I See My Innocence’, (2021). Open access.
Rocío Figueroa and David Tombs, ‘Viendo su Inocencia veo mi Inocencia’, (2021). Otago archive.
David Tombs, ‘Hidden in Plain Sight: Seeing the Stripping of Jesus as Sexual Violence’, Journal for Interdisciplinary Biblical Studies (2020). Open access.
David Tombs, ‘Unspeakable Things: Drawing upon the Nanjing Massacre to Read Crucifixion as an Assault on Human Dignity’ in Zhibin Xie et al. (2020). More info.
‘Recognising Jesus as a Victim of Sexual Abuse. Responses from Sodalicio Survivors in Peru’, (2020). Open access.
Jayme Reaves and David Tombs, '#Me Too: Naming Jesus as a Victim of Sexual Abuse', Review and Expositor (2020). Open access.
Jayme R. Reaves and David Tombs, ‘#MeToo Jesus: Naming Jesus as a Victim of Sexual Abuse’, International Journal of Public Theology (2019). Open access.
David Tombs, Crucifixion and Sexual Abuse (2019). Otago archive English, Spanish, French, German.
David Tombs, 'Crucificação e abuso sexual' (2019). Open access(Brazilian Portuguese).
Edwards and Tombs, ‘#HimToo – why Jesus should be recognised as a victim of sexual violence’, The Conversation (2018). Open access.
David Tombs, ‘Prisoner Abuse: From Abu Ghraib to The Passion of The Christ’ (2009). Otago archive.
David Tombs, ‘Crucifixion, State Terror, and Sexual Abuse’, (Union Seminary Quarterly Review (1999). Open access.
My work has pioneered a new understanding of crucifixion by drawing on accounts of torture in both recent times and in the ancient world. The prevalence of sexualised violence in torture is quite well known, but it is often not directly named. Evidence of sexualised violence is frequently under-reported or marginalised when torture is discussed.
The failure to explicitly name sexualised violence in torture practices encourages the mistaken impression that sexualised violence is an incidental and unimportant element of torture. Evidence suggests that the opposite is true; sexualised violence is often integral and central to torture practices.
The widespread failure to directly name the sexualised elements of crucifixion is a striking example of this wider pattern of erasure. Seeing crucifixion as torture provides a critical new perspective for understanding why victims were crucified naked and why the cross was viewed with such horror and shame in the Roman world.
Image: Tenth Station of the Cross, ‘Jesus is naked and bitter’, panel of tiles outside shrine at Fatimah, Portugal. Used under license. © Photo Zacarias Pereira Da Mata | Dreamstime.com
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See further
The Conversation piece, ‘Art depicts Jesus in a loincloth on the cross – the brutal truth is he would have been naked’ (2024).
The interview with Biblical scholar Erin Heim, OnScript podcast (2024).
The book, The Crucifixion of Jesus: Torture, Sexual Abuse, and the Scandal of the Cross(2023). .
The interview with journalist Rosie Dawson, Shiloh Project podcast (2021).
The book (co-edited with Jayme Reaves and Rocío Figueroa), When Did We See You Naked?’: Jesus as a Victim of Sexual Abuse (2021).
The Conversation piece with Katie Edwards, ‘#HimToo: why Jesus should be recognised as a victim of sexual violence’ (2018).
The article, ‘Crucifixion, State Terror, and Sexual Abuse’ (1999).